Atharism

Atharism, also known as the Traditionalist School of Islamic Theology, is a Sunni Islamic theological school that emerged during the early Islamic period. It emphasizes a literal interpretation of the Quran and Sunnah (the teachings and practices of the Prophet Muhammad) concerning matters of faith, particularly divine attributes.

Core Beliefs:

• Literal Interpretation (Ẓāhir): Atharis generally interpret the Quran and Hadith literally, avoiding metaphorical or allegorical interpretations (ta'wil) when discussing God's attributes. They affirm divine attributes as they are stated in scripture, without explaining or questioning how they manifest.

• Rejection of Kalam (Speculative Theology): Atharism rejects the use of speculative reason and philosophical arguments (kalam) in understanding theological matters. They believe that human reason is limited and should not be used to delve into matters beyond the scope of divine revelation.

• Affirmation of Divine Attributes Without Qualification: Atharis affirm all divine attributes mentioned in the Quran and Sunnah, such as God's hands, face, eyes, and other seemingly anthropomorphic descriptions. However, they maintain that these attributes are unlike human attributes and should be understood in a manner befitting God's majesty and transcendence. They emphasize takyif (describing how) and tamthil (likening to creation) are strictly prohibited. They accept the attributes bila kayf ("without asking how").

• Emphasis on Revelation: Revelation (the Quran and Sunnah) is considered the primary and authoritative source of knowledge about God and the unseen world.

History and Development:

The origins of Atharism can be traced back to the early generations of Muslims (Salaf), who prioritized adherence to the Quran and Sunnah over philosophical speculation. Prominent early figures associated with Athari thought include Ahmad ibn Hanbal, founder of the Hanbali school of law, although modern scholars debate the extent to which Ibn Hanbal's own views align perfectly with later Athari formulations. The school gained significant influence in the Hanbali school and later among some Shafi'i scholars. Ibn Taymiyyah and Ibn al-Qayyim al-Jawziyya, prominent figures in the 13th and 14th centuries, are considered influential revivers and systematizers of Athari theology.

Modern Relevance:

Atharism continues to be influential in contemporary Sunni Islam, particularly among Salafi movements. However, modern interpretations of Atharism vary, with some advocating strict adherence to traditional formulations and others seeking to engage with contemporary challenges while maintaining the core principles of the school. The interpretation and application of Athari principles remain subjects of ongoing debate and discussion within the Muslim world.

Key Terms:

• Salaf: The early generations of Muslims (the Prophet Muhammad and his companions, and their immediate successors).
• Tafwid: Entrusting the meaning of ambiguous verses to God. Atharis may engage in tafwid al-ma'na (entrusting the specific meaning), while still affirming the literal wording.
• Ta'wil: Allegorical or metaphorical interpretation of scripture.
• Takyif: Describing how an attribute manifests in God.
• Tamthil: Likening God's attributes to those of creation.
• Bila Kayf: "Without asking how"; affirming divine attributes without specifying their nature or modality.