Approbation (Catholic canon law)

In Catholic canon law, "approbation" (from Latin approbatio, meaning "approval") generally refers to an act of ecclesiastical authority that grants permission or sanction for something. Its specific meaning varies depending on the context. It is a concept distinct from, though sometimes overlapping with, imprimatur, nihil obstat, and licentia.

Generally, approbation indicates that a competent authority has determined that something is suitable for its intended purpose within the Church. This can apply to various areas, including:

• Religious Institutes: The establishment and governance of religious institutes (orders, congregations, etc.) requires the approbation of the Holy See or the local bishop, depending on the nature of the institute. This signifies recognition of the institute’s charism and statutes.

• Formation Programs: Programs for the formation of candidates for the priesthood and diaconate must receive proper approbation. This ensures that the formation provided meets the standards established by the Church.

• Catechetical Materials: While imprimatur is often used for catechetical materials, approbation might also be used in specific circumstances. It would signify the competent authority's approval of the content as doctrinally sound and suitable for teaching the faith.

• Books: While the term imprimatur is more commonly associated with the printing of books on religious subjects, approbation might be used in related contexts.

• Missionary Activities: Approbation may be required for certain missionary initiatives or organizations within a particular diocese or territory, signifying the bishop's consent and blessing.

• Liturgical Texts/Translations: Approbation is essential for translations of liturgical texts and new liturgical rites before their use in the liturgy. This ensures fidelity to the original texts and consistency with liturgical norms.

The specific requirements for approbation are determined by canon law (the Code of Canon Law) and particular laws issued by competent ecclesiastical authorities. The effect of approbation is to confer legitimacy and authorization for the activity or item in question within the Catholic Church. It also implies that the authority granting approbation has judged the matter to be in conformity with Catholic doctrine and discipline. Without the necessary approbation, certain activities or items may not be recognized or permitted for use within the Church. The authority to grant approbation depends on the specific matter at hand and is generally reserved to the Holy See, diocesan bishops, or other designated ecclesiastical officials.