Alevism

Alevism is a syncretic and heterodox Islamic tradition primarily practiced among the Turkic and Kurdish populations of Turkey and the Balkans, with smaller communities in other parts of the world. It incorporates elements of Shia Islam (particularly Twelver Shia), Sufism, pre-Islamic Turkish shamanism, and various local folk beliefs. Alevism lacks a fixed dogma, scriptures, or rigid hierarchy, leading to a diverse range of interpretations and practices.

Core Beliefs and Practices:

• The Divine Trinity: Alevism centers around the concept of a divine trinity: Allah (God), Muhammad (the Prophet), and Ali (the fourth Caliph and the first Imam according to Shia Islam). Ali holds a particularly revered position, often viewed as an embodiment of the divine.
• The Twelve Imams: Similar to Twelver Shia Islam, Alevis recognize the Twelve Imams as divinely appointed leaders and successors to Muhammad.
• En-el Hakk (The Truth is in God): A mystical concept emphasizing the immanence of God in all things, including humanity. This belief fosters a strong emphasis on self-knowledge and spiritual development.
• The Forty Doors (Kirklar Meclisi): Refers to a mystical assembly of forty enlightened souls, symbolizing spiritual unity and equality.
• Cem Ceremony: The central ritual of Alevism, a communal gathering involving music, poetry, storytelling, and the semah, a ritual dance symbolizing the flight of the soul towards God. The Cem is led by a Dede (spiritual leader) and serves as a time for reconciliation, forgiveness, and reaffirmation of Alevi identity.
• The Absence of Mosques: Alevis typically do not worship in mosques, instead gathering in Cemevis (gathering houses) for religious ceremonies.
• Oral Tradition: Alevi teachings are primarily transmitted orally through generations, relying on the knowledge and guidance of Dedes.
• Reincarnation (Tenâsüh): A belief in the cycle of reincarnation, where souls are reborn to continue their spiritual journey.
• Emphasis on Love and Tolerance: Alevi teachings promote love, respect, and tolerance towards all people, regardless of their religious or ethnic background. This includes a strong emphasis on gender equality.
• Ethical Principles: Key ethical principles include Eline Diline Beline Sahip Ol (Control your hands, your tongue, and your loins), emphasizing honesty, self-control, and respect for others.

Historical Context:

Alevism's origins are complex and debated, but it is generally believed to have emerged from heterodox Islamic movements in Anatolia during the 12th and 13th centuries. These movements were influenced by Shia Islam, Sufism, and the pre-Islamic Turkish shamanistic traditions of Central Asia. Throughout history, Alevis have faced persecution and discrimination, leading to a strong sense of solidarity and a closed community structure.

Contemporary Issues:

In modern Turkey, Alevis continue to advocate for equal rights and recognition as a distinct religious community. They face challenges related to the construction of Cemevis, religious education, and representation in government. The ongoing debate surrounding Alevi identity and its relationship to mainstream Islam remains a significant issue.