Al-Jadam

Al-Jadam, also known as leprosy, is a chronic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium leprae. The disease primarily affects the skin, peripheral nerves, mucosa of the upper respiratory tract, and the eyes. It is curable with multidrug therapy (MDT).

Historically, Al-Jadam carried significant social stigma and fear due to its potential to cause disfigurement and disability. This led to the isolation of individuals affected by the disease in leprosariums (leper colonies). However, with modern treatment and improved understanding of the disease, such measures are largely unnecessary and often detrimental.

The disease is transmitted via droplets, from the nose and mouth, during close and frequent contact with untreated cases. Al-Jadam is not highly contagious, and the vast majority of individuals exposed to Mycobacterium leprae do not develop the disease. Children are more susceptible than adults.

Symptoms of Al-Jadam can include discolored skin patches that are usually flat, numb, and appear faded; growths on the skin; thick, stiff or dry skin; painless ulcers on the soles of feet; painless swellings or lumps on the face or earlobes; loss of eyebrows or eyelashes; and numbness of the affected areas of the skin. Nerve damage can lead to muscle weakness or paralysis, especially in the hands and feet.

Diagnosis typically involves a clinical examination and skin biopsies to confirm the presence of Mycobacterium leprae. Treatment involves a course of MDT, typically lasting six to twelve months. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent disability.

Global efforts to eliminate Al-Jadam have significantly reduced the prevalence of the disease, but it remains a public health issue in some parts of the world, particularly in certain regions of Africa, Asia, and South America. Continued surveillance and treatment programs are essential for further reducing the burden of Al-Jadam and preventing disability.