A-234 (nerve agent)
A-234 is a highly toxic organophosphorus nerve agent. It is a member of the "Novichok" family of nerve agents, developed in the Soviet Union during the Cold War, reportedly in the 1970s and 1980s. The name "Novichok" translates to "newcomer" in Russian, suggesting that these agents were a new generation of chemical weapons designed to circumvent detection by standard NATO equipment.
Like other nerve agents, A-234 inhibits the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE). AChE is crucial for breaking down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft. When AChE is inhibited, acetylcholine builds up, leading to overstimulation of nerve and muscle cells. This overstimulation causes a cascade of effects, including:
- Muscle spasms and paralysis
- Bronchoconstriction (narrowing of the airways), leading to difficulty breathing
- Excessive salivation, lacrimation (tearing), urination, and defecation
- Seizures
- Respiratory failure
- Cardiac arrest
The effects of A-234 can be extremely rapid, and exposure can be fatal within minutes. Due to its high toxicity, A-234 is considered a weapon of mass destruction. Its use and production are prohibited under the Chemical Weapons Convention.
Identification of A-234 can be challenging as it doesn't leave readily detectable traces. Specialized laboratories with advanced analytical equipment are necessary for its positive identification.
Treatment for A-234 exposure typically involves the administration of antidotes such as atropine (to block the effects of excess acetylcholine) and oximes (such as pralidoxime or obidoxime) to reactivate the inhibited acetylcholinesterase enzyme. Supportive care, including respiratory support, is also crucial. Decontamination of the exposed individual is also essential to prevent further absorption of the agent.