Valangai

The Valangai were a social division in medieval and early modern South India, primarily in the Tamil-speaking regions. The term, literally meaning "right-hand," referred to a group of castes who were generally considered to be agriculturalists and artisans.

The Valangai division was one half of a dual division system, the other being the Idangai ("left-hand") division. These two divisions were not simply occupational groups, but rather competing factions with their own rights, privileges, and customs. The exact castes included in each division varied by region and time period.

Historians debate the origins and significance of the Valangai and Idangai divisions. Some believe they represent ancient social divisions based on occupation or land ownership. Others suggest they were later constructions, possibly imposed by ruling powers to manage social tensions and extract labor. Regardless of their origins, these divisions played a significant role in shaping social relationships, political alliances, and economic activities in South India for several centuries. Conflicts and rivalries between Valangai and Idangai groups were common and sometimes violent.

The Valangai system gradually declined in importance during the British colonial period and eventually disappeared in the 20th century. However, its legacy continues to be studied by historians and anthropologists interested in understanding the complexities of South Indian social history.