Transcendental Étude No. 4 (Liszt)

Transcendental Étude No. 4 in D minor, "Mazeppa," is the fourth of Franz Liszt's twelve Transcendental Études. These études, published in their final form in 1852, are notoriously difficult piano pieces intended to explore the limits of piano technique.

"Mazeppa" is inspired by Victor Hugo's poem of the same name, which recounts the legendary story of Ivan Mazeppa, a page at the Polish court who was punished for a love affair by being strapped naked to a wild horse that was then set loose. The music vividly depicts the horse's chaotic gallop across the Ukrainian steppes, reflecting Mazeppa's perilous journey and eventual salvation.

The piece is characterized by its relentless pace and demanding technical requirements. It features rapid octave passages, wide leaps, and intricate figurations that require exceptional dexterity and stamina from the performer. The central section offers a brief respite with a more lyrical and melodically focused passage, representing perhaps a moment of reflection for Mazeppa amidst his ordeal. The work then builds to a climactic conclusion, suggesting Mazeppa's eventual survival and rise to become a Cossack Hetman.

"Mazeppa" is considered one of the most challenging études in the set, and is a staple of the advanced piano repertoire. It is frequently performed in concert and is admired for its dramatic intensity and virtuosic display. The piece is not only a test of technical skill, but also requires a strong interpretative vision to convey the narrative and emotional depth of Hugo's poem.