The Martyrdom of Saint Andrew (Ribera)

The Martyrdom of Saint Andrew is a painting by the Spanish Baroque artist Jusepe de Ribera, completed in 1628. The painting depicts the crucifixion of Saint Andrew the Apostle. Andrew, traditionally considered the brother of Saint Peter and one of the first apostles of Jesus, is believed to have been crucified in Patras, Greece, on an X-shaped cross, often referred to as a crux decussata or Saint Andrew's Cross.

Ribera's rendition focuses on the drama and suffering of the saint. The composition typically shows Andrew bound to the cross, often surrounded by Roman soldiers and onlookers. The artist employs a tenebrist style, characterized by dramatic contrasts between light and dark, which heightens the emotional impact of the scene and emphasizes the saint's physical ordeal and spiritual fortitude. The dark background throws the figures into sharp relief, drawing the viewer's attention to the suffering of the saint and the reactions of those present.

Ribera's Martyrdom of Saint Andrew exemplifies the artist's skill in depicting realistic human anatomy and emotion. He masterfully portrays the pain and strain on Andrew's face and body, as well as the varied expressions of the witnesses, ranging from indifference and cruelty to sorrow and pity. The painting reflects the religious fervor and artistic trends of the Baroque period, emphasizing themes of sacrifice, faith, and the power of religious conviction. Several versions and variations of this subject by Ribera and his followers exist, indicating its popularity and influence. The painting is an important example of Spanish Baroque art and Ribera's contribution to the depiction of religious martyrdom.