Swamp sparrow

The Swamp Sparrow (Melospiza georgiana) is a medium-sized sparrow found in wetlands across eastern North America and parts of Canada. It is a member of the family Passerellidae, which includes other New World sparrows.

Description:

Adult Swamp Sparrows are typically 12-14 cm (4.7-5.5 in) long with a wingspan of 18-20 cm (7.1-7.9 in). They are characterized by a rusty-red cap (crown), gray cheeks, and a white throat. The upperparts are brown with black streaks, and the underparts are gray, often with faint streaking on the flanks. During the breeding season, the bill is dark, while in the non-breeding season it turns yellowish-brown. Juveniles have a streaked crown and back and lack the bright rusty cap of the adults.

Habitat and Distribution:

Swamp Sparrows are primarily found in freshwater and brackish wetlands, including marshes, swamps, bogs, and wet meadows. They prefer areas with dense vegetation, such as cattails, sedges, and reeds. Their breeding range extends from southeastern Canada south to the Carolinas and west to the Great Plains. They are migratory in the northern part of their range, wintering in the southeastern United States.

Behavior and Diet:

Swamp Sparrows are generally secretive birds, often remaining hidden within the dense vegetation of their habitat. They forage on the ground or in low vegetation, searching for insects, seeds, and small invertebrates. Their diet varies seasonally, with insects being more important during the breeding season and seeds becoming more prominent in the winter.

Vocalization:

The song of the Swamp Sparrow is a distinctive, slow, and deliberate series of chips or trills, often described as sounding like a dripping faucet. They also have a variety of call notes, including chips and buzzes.

Conservation Status:

The Swamp Sparrow is currently listed as Least Concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). While the species is relatively common and widespread, habitat loss and degradation due to wetland drainage and development are potential threats.