St. Marys River (Michigan–Ontario)

The St. Marys River is a 74.5-mile (119.9 km) river that connects Lake Superior and Lake Huron. It forms an international border between the United States (Michigan) and Canada (Ontario). The river is a critical waterway for navigation and commerce, particularly for the transport of iron ore and other goods.

Geography and Hydrology:

The river's source is Lake Superior, from which it flows southeast, eventually draining into Lake Huron. The St. Marys Rapids, a significant drop in elevation, are located near the cities of Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, and Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. These rapids were historically a barrier to navigation, bypassed by the construction of the Soo Locks. The river is characterized by numerous islands, channels, and extensive wetlands. The water flow is regulated by compensating gates located near the Soo Locks to manage water levels for shipping, hydropower generation, and environmental considerations.

History:

The St. Marys River has been a crucial waterway for Indigenous peoples for millennia, serving as a transportation route and a source of food and resources. European explorers and fur traders began to utilize the river in the 17th century. The construction of the Soo Locks in the mid-19th century dramatically altered the river's role, facilitating large-scale shipping and contributing significantly to the economic development of the region. The river and its surrounding area played a role in various historical events, including the War of 1812.

Ecology:

The St. Marys River supports a diverse ecosystem, including various fish species (e.g., lake trout, whitefish, salmon), waterfowl, and other wildlife. The river's wetlands provide important habitat for migratory birds and serve as nurseries for fish. Ongoing efforts are focused on managing water quality, controlling invasive species (such as sea lamprey), and restoring degraded habitats to maintain the ecological health of the river.

Economic Significance:

The St. Marys River is a vital transportation corridor for bulk cargo, connecting the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean via the St. Lawrence Seaway. The Soo Locks are a crucial component of this system, allowing large vessels to transit between Lake Superior and Lake Huron. Hydroelectric power generation is another significant economic activity associated with the river. Tourism and recreational activities, such as boating, fishing, and birdwatching, also contribute to the local economy.