Sindarin

Sindarin, also known as Grey-elven, is one of the languages spoken by the Elves in J.R.R. Tolkien's fictional world of Middle-earth. It is descended from Common Eldarin and is closely related to Quenya, though it evolved along a significantly different path.

Sindarin was the language of the Sindar, the Grey Elves, who remained in Beleriand after the Great Journey to Valinor. It became the common language of the Westlands during the Second and Third Ages, used by Elves and Men alike, particularly in Gondor and Arnor.

Compared to Quenya, Sindarin is considered more mutable and has undergone greater phonetic change. It features a variety of consonantal and vowel mutations that affect the pronunciation and sometimes the form of words depending on their grammatical context. These mutations are a key characteristic of the language.

The language possesses its own distinct grammar and vocabulary. Nouns are inflected for number and case, and verbs are conjugated for tense and aspect. Tolkien devoted considerable effort to developing Sindarin, creating a rich linguistic system with a wide range of words and grammatical rules. Many names of people and places in The Lord of the Rings and The Silmarillion are Sindarin in origin.

The script most commonly associated with Sindarin is the Certar, also known as Cirth or runes. These were invented by the Elf Daeron of Doriath. However, Sindarin could also be written using the Tengwar script, primarily associated with Quenya.