S100A1

S100A1 is a protein belonging to the S100 family of calcium-binding proteins. These proteins are characterized by two EF-hand calcium-binding motifs. S100A1 is a homodimeric protein, meaning it is composed of two identical subunits. It is primarily found in the cytoplasm and nucleus of various cell types, including cardiac muscle, brain cells (especially astrocytes), and certain immune cells.

S100A1 is involved in a variety of intracellular and extracellular functions, including regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and apoptosis. It interacts with numerous other proteins, modulating their activity and impacting diverse cellular processes. For example, it can affect cytoskeletal dynamics, energy metabolism, and the inflammatory response.

Dysregulation of S100A1 expression has been implicated in various diseases, including heart failure, neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer. In some cancers, S100A1 is upregulated and contributes to tumor growth and metastasis. Conversely, in other contexts, it may act as a tumor suppressor. Its role can be context-dependent and influenced by the specific tissue and disease.

Research into S100A1 is ongoing, with efforts focused on understanding its precise mechanisms of action and its potential as a therapeutic target for various diseases.