Publius Rutilius Lupus (consul)

Publius Rutilius Lupus (died 90 BC) was a Roman politician and general who served as consul in 90 BC, during the Social War.

Born into the plebeian gens Rutilia, he likely descended from Publius Rutilius Lupus, the tribune of the plebs in 154 BC. His early career is largely unknown, but he rose through the traditional cursus honorum.

As consul in 90 BC, at the outbreak of the Social War against Rome's Italian allies, Rutilius Lupus was given command of one of the Roman armies. The other army was commanded by his colleague, Lucius Julius Caesar (consul). Rutilius Lupus's command was particularly difficult, facing some of the most formidable rebel leaders.

His military command proved disastrous. He lacked experience in military leadership and relied heavily on the advice of his legate, Gaius Perperna, whose counsel ultimately led to his defeat and death. In the summer of 90 BC, Rutilius Lupus was ambushed and killed by the Marsi near the Tolenus River (likely the modern Turano). The defeat was a significant blow to the Roman cause early in the Social War and underscored the need for more experienced commanders.

Rutilius Lupus was also known for his knowledge of rhetoric. He is believed to be the author of a treatise on rhetoric, now largely lost except for fragments preserved in other works, notably in Quintilian's Institutio Oratoria. These fragments suggest a focus on practical eloquence and the use of rhetorical devices to move audiences. He represented a school of rhetoric that was distinct from the more philosophical approach.