Panning (audio)

Panning in audio refers to the distribution of a sound signal into a stereo or multi-channel sound field. It determines the perceived location of a sound source between the left and right (or across multiple) speakers. In its simplest form, used in stereo audio (two channels, left and right), panning controls the relative amplitude of the audio signal sent to each channel.

By adjusting the balance of the signal's strength between the left and right channels, an audio engineer can create the illusion that the sound originates from a specific point within the stereo image. For example, if a sound is panned hard left, the entire signal is sent to the left speaker and none to the right, creating the impression that the sound is coming exclusively from the left side. Conversely, panning a sound to the center sends equal signal strength to both channels, making it sound like it originates from the middle. Intermediate panning positions create the perception that the sound source is located somewhere between the center and the extreme left or right.

Panning is a fundamental technique used in music production, mixing, and sound design to create a wider and more realistic soundscape. It allows for the separation of different instruments or sound elements, preventing them from overlapping and creating a cluttered mix. Panning can also be used creatively to create movement and spatial effects, drawing the listener's attention to different parts of the stereo field.

In more complex surround sound systems (e.g., 5.1, 7.1), panning becomes a more sophisticated process involving multiple channels and speakers. The same principles of amplitude distribution apply, but the engineer can now position sounds in a more three-dimensional space around the listener.

The control used to adjust the panning of a sound source is often referred to as a "pan pot" or simply a "pan." It is a common feature on mixing consoles, digital audio workstations (DAWs), and other audio processing equipment.