Niyamgiri

Niyamgiri is a hill range located in the state of Odisha, India. It is primarily inhabited by the Dongria Kondh, a particularly vulnerable tribal group (PVTG). The area is known for its rich biodiversity and mineral resources, particularly bauxite.

The Niyamgiri hills hold significant cultural and religious importance for the Dongria Kondh. They consider the Niyamgiri hills to be the abode of their deity, Niyam Raja (King of Law), and their traditional way of life is deeply intertwined with the forest and its resources.

The region has been the site of considerable conflict between the Dongria Kondh and mining companies, particularly Vedanta Resources, seeking to exploit the bauxite deposits. The Dongria Kondh have resisted these mining projects, citing the potential for environmental degradation, displacement, and the destruction of their cultural heritage.

Following a prolonged legal battle and public opposition, the Supreme Court of India ruled in 2013 that the consent of the tribal communities residing in the affected areas was necessary before mining could proceed. Subsequent village council (gram sabha) resolutions overwhelmingly rejected the mining proposal, effectively halting the project.

Niyamgiri serves as a significant case study in the intersection of indigenous rights, environmental protection, and economic development. It highlights the challenges faced by marginalized communities in protecting their traditional lands and livelihoods from external pressures.