LP record

An LP record, short for Long Play record, is an analog sound storage medium, a phonograph record format characterized by a playing speed of 33⅓ revolutions per minute (RPM), a 12-inch (30 cm) diameter, and the use of microgroove technology. Introduced by Columbia Records in 1948, it was a significant improvement over earlier formats like the 78 RPM record, allowing for a much longer playing time, typically around 20-25 minutes per side.

The LP's increased playing time enabled the distribution of complete musical works, such as symphonies, operas, and concept albums, on a single disc. It quickly became the dominant format for recorded music, surpassing the 78 RPM record in popularity and remaining so for several decades.

The LP record is typically made of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), often referred to as vinyl. The music is encoded as a continuous spiral groove etched into the surface of the disc. A phonograph stylus, or needle, tracks this groove, vibrating in accordance with the encoded sound waves. These vibrations are then converted into an electrical signal, amplified, and reproduced as sound through loudspeakers.

While largely superseded by digital formats such as CDs and digital downloads in the late 20th century, the LP record has experienced a significant resurgence in popularity in the 21st century. This resurgence is driven by factors such as the perceived warmth and authenticity of analog sound, the tactile experience of handling and playing records, and the collectibility of vintage and new releases.