Kremlin (fortification)

A Kremlin (Russian: кремль, tr. kremlʹ; plural: кремли, kremli) is a major fortified central complex found in historic Russian cities. These citadels are characterized by their enclosing walls, towers, gates, cathedrals, palaces, and other buildings within. Kremlins originally served as defensive structures to protect against invaders but over time evolved to become administrative, religious, and cultural centers.

The word "kremlin" originally meant "fortress" or "citadel" and referred to any fortified central area of a Russian town. However, the term has become most strongly associated with the Moscow Kremlin, due to its historical and political significance as the seat of Russian (formerly Soviet) government.

Kremlins were typically built on strategic locations, such as high ground or riverbanks, providing a natural advantage for defense. The construction materials varied depending on the availability of resources in the region, with some kremlins built of wood, others of white stone, and others of red brick.

Several kremlins still exist in various Russian cities, including Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod, Pskov, Smolensk, and others. Each kremlin possesses unique architectural features and reflects the historical and cultural influences of its respective region. Many kremlins are UNESCO World Heritage Sites, recognizing their exceptional cultural and historical value.