Jo Heon

Jo Heon (조헌, 趙憲, 1544-1592) was a Korean scholar-official (a yangban), military leader, and Confucian philosopher of the Joseon Dynasty. He is best known for his courageous leadership and ultimate sacrifice during the Imjin War (1592-1598), particularly his defense of Yeonggyu County against invading Japanese forces.

Jo Heon passed the civil service examination in 1567 and served in various government posts. However, he was often critical of the political corruption and factionalism prevalent at the time, leading to periods of exile and limited opportunities for advancement. He was a strong advocate for moral rectitude and Confucian principles.

When the Imjin War broke out in 1592, Jo Heon raised a volunteer army, mostly composed of local farmers and scholars, to fight against the Japanese invasion. He organized and trained these civilian soldiers, despite facing shortages of weapons and supplies. He initially operated in Chungcheong Province, engaging in guerrilla warfare tactics.

Jo Heon's most famous action was the Battle of Yeonggyu (also sometimes referred to as the Battle of Hongju) in October 1592. He and his poorly equipped force of several hundred men attacked the heavily fortified castle of Yeonggyu, which was held by a much larger Japanese force. Although they fought valiantly, Jo Heon and nearly all of his men were killed in the battle. His heroic stand, though a military defeat, became a symbol of Korean resistance against the invasion and a testament to his unwavering loyalty and patriotism.

Jo Heon is revered as a national hero in Korea. He is considered a symbol of Confucian virtue, courage, and selfless devotion to his country. Memorials and shrines have been erected in his honor, and his actions continue to be remembered in Korean history and folklore.