Hova (Madagascar)

The Hova were a historically significant social class within the Merina Kingdom of Madagascar, and later throughout the island. The term "Hova" originally referred to a free commoner caste within the Merina people, distinct from both the Andriana (nobility) and the Andevo (slave) classes.

Over time, and especially following King Andrianampoinimerina's consolidation of power in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the meaning of "Hova" evolved. It came to encompass a broader category that included not only free commoners but also individuals elevated to positions of power and influence within the Merina administration regardless of their prior social standing. Essentially, it became a label associated with individuals engaged in state service and holding positions within the government and military. This meant that individuals from various social backgrounds, including some of lower Andriana rank, could be considered Hova if they achieved significant status through government service.

The Hova played a crucial role in the expansion and administration of the Merina Kingdom across Madagascar in the 19th century. They were instrumental in implementing policies, managing infrastructure, and leading military campaigns. Their influence continued throughout the colonial period and into the independent Malagasy state, although the formal class structure was eventually abolished. The legacy of the Hova remains a significant aspect of Malagasy history and social understanding.