History of Peru (1919–1930)
The history of Peru from 1919 to 1930 is largely defined by the "Oncenio," the eleven-year rule of Augusto B. Leguía. This period marked a significant shift in Peruvian politics and society, characterized by authoritarianism, modernization efforts, increased foreign investment, and growing social tensions.
Leguía, who had previously served as president (1908-1912), seized power in a coup d'état on July 4, 1919, ousting President José Pardo y Barreda. He justified his actions by claiming the need to prevent the victory of his political opponent in the upcoming elections and to implement necessary reforms. Leguía promptly implemented a new constitution in 1920, which concentrated power in the executive branch and allowed for presidential re-election, paving the way for his extended rule.
Political Landscape: Leguía's regime was characterized by strong centralization of power and the suppression of political opposition. He effectively neutralized or co-opted rival political parties and relied heavily on the military to maintain order. Freedom of the press and political dissent were severely curtailed. While initially promising reforms, Leguía gradually consolidated his authority, becoming increasingly authoritarian.
Economic Developments: The Oncenio coincided with a period of relative economic prosperity, fueled by increased exports of commodities such as sugar, cotton, and minerals. Leguía actively sought foreign investment, particularly from the United States, which resulted in significant infrastructure development, including roads, railways, and sanitation projects. However, this reliance on foreign capital also led to increased foreign debt and economic dependence.
Social Changes: Leguía's regime implemented some social reforms, including legislation to protect indigenous communities and workers. He created the "Comunidades Indígenas," legally recognized indigenous communities, and established a day for the indigenous population. However, the implementation of these reforms was often inconsistent, and the benefits were limited. Labor unrest increased during this period, driven by poor working conditions and low wages.
Foreign Relations: Leguía's government resolved several long-standing border disputes with neighboring countries. The most notable was the Treaty of Lima with Chile in 1929, which resolved the Tacna-Arica dispute, although with significant territorial concessions by Peru.
Decline and Overthrow: By the late 1920s, Leguía's regime faced increasing opposition. The economic prosperity that had sustained his rule began to falter, exacerbated by the onset of the Great Depression. Political dissent grew, fueled by intellectuals, students, and labor leaders. In August 1930, Leguía was overthrown in a military coup led by Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro, marking the end of the Oncenio and ushering in a period of political instability in Peru. The overthrown dictator died in prison in 1932.
The Oncenio had a lasting impact on Peruvian history, shaping the country's political, economic, and social landscape. It marked a transition from the old oligarchic order to a more modern, albeit authoritarian, state, characterized by increased foreign influence and growing social tensions.