Duke Xian of Qin (424–362 BC)

Duke Xian of Qin (秦獻公, Qín Xiàn Gōng), personal name Ying Shiti (嬴師隰), was the ruler of the Qin state from 384 to 362 BC during the late Warring States period of ancient China. He is best known for initiating significant reforms aimed at strengthening Qin, which laid the groundwork for its eventual rise to dominance.

Duke Xian ascended the throne after a period of instability and decline in Qin. He faced numerous internal and external challenges, including pressures from the rival states of Wei and Zhao, as well as entrenched aristocratic interests resistant to change.

His most significant reforms included:

• Abolition of Human Sacrifice: Duke Xian abolished the practice of human sacrifice (xun zang) during funerals of Qin rulers and aristocrats. This was a symbolically important act that signaled a break with older, more archaic traditions.

• Recruitment of Talented Individuals: He actively sought out and recruited talented individuals from other states to serve in his administration, regardless of their social background. This meritocratic approach was a significant departure from the prevailing aristocratic system and helped Qin attract skilled strategists, administrators, and military leaders.

• Land Reclamation and Agricultural Reform: Duke Xian promoted land reclamation projects and agricultural reforms to increase food production and strengthen the economic base of the state. This involved encouraging peasants to cultivate previously uncultivated lands and implementing new farming techniques.

• Military Reforms: Duke Xian implemented military reforms, including introducing universal conscription and reorganizing the Qin army. These reforms helped to create a more effective and disciplined fighting force.

• Establishment of a New Capital: He moved the Qin capital from Yong (雍) to Liyang (栎阳), further east. This move positioned Qin closer to the central plains and facilitated its expansion eastward.

Duke Xian's reforms were not without opposition, and he faced resistance from conservative elements within Qin. However, he persevered in his efforts to modernize the state. Although Qin still faced significant challenges during his reign, his reforms laid the foundation for future success under his successors, particularly Duke Xiao of Qin and his famous minister Shang Yang. His reign is considered a crucial turning point in Qin history, setting the stage for its eventual unification of China.