Bruner
Jerome Bruner (1915-2016) was an American psychologist who made significant contributions to cognitive psychology and cognitive learning theory in educational psychology. He is best known for his work on cognitive development and for his emphasis on the importance of active learning, discovery learning, and scaffolding in education.
Bruner argued against purely behaviorist approaches to learning, emphasizing the role of the mind in organizing and interpreting information. He proposed that learners actively construct their own knowledge by exploring and discovering information through inquiry-based activities. His work built upon the ideas of Jean Piaget but focused on the role of the social and cultural environment in shaping cognitive development.
Key Concepts and Contributions:
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Discovery Learning: Bruner advocated for discovery learning, where students learn by actively exploring and manipulating their environment, rather than passively receiving information. He believed this approach fostered deeper understanding and problem-solving skills.
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Spiral Curriculum: Bruner proposed the concept of a spiral curriculum, where basic concepts are revisited at increasing levels of complexity throughout the educational experience. This allows students to build upon their existing knowledge and progressively develop a more nuanced understanding.
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Scaffolding: Bruner introduced the concept of scaffolding, which refers to the temporary support provided by a teacher or more knowledgeable peer to help a learner master a new skill or concept. This support is gradually withdrawn as the learner becomes more competent.
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Three Modes of Representation: Bruner proposed that learning occurs through three modes of representation: enactive (learning through action), iconic (learning through visual images), and symbolic (learning through language and abstract symbols).
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Importance of Culture: Bruner emphasized the importance of culture in shaping cognitive development. He argued that learning is a social process and that culture provides the tools and frameworks for understanding the world.
Bruner's work has had a profound impact on educational practices, leading to a greater emphasis on active learning, inquiry-based instruction, and the importance of the social and cultural context in learning. His writings and theories continue to influence educators and researchers today.
Selected Publications:
- The Process of Education (1960)
- Toward a Theory of Instruction (1966)
- Acts of Meaning (1990)
- The Culture of Education (1996)