Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660)

The Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660) was a conflict between England under the Commonwealth (later the Protectorate) of Oliver Cromwell and Spain, fought primarily in the Caribbean and Europe. The war stemmed from commercial rivalries, differing religious ideologies (Protestant England vs. Catholic Spain), and England's ambition to break Spain's dominance in the New World.

Key events leading to the war included English attempts to establish a foothold in the Spanish West Indies, specifically Hispaniola. The disastrous Western Design, which involved an unsuccessful attack on Santo Domingo in 1655, led to the capture of Jamaica, which became a significant English colony and a base for future operations against Spanish interests.

The war extended to Europe, with English involvement in supporting Portugal in its ongoing struggle for independence from Spain (the Portuguese Restoration War). English naval forces also blockaded Spanish ports and intercepted Spanish treasure fleets, disrupting Spain's economy and flow of silver from the Americas.

Notable naval battles included actions off Cadiz and Santa Cruz de Tenerife. English privateers, such as Christopher Myngs, also played a significant role in attacking Spanish shipping and settlements.

The war concluded with the restoration of the English monarchy under Charles II. The Treaty of Madrid (1667) formally ended hostilities. Although the treaty was signed after the restoration, the foundations for it were laid during the interregnum period. This treaty recognized English possession of Jamaica, cementing England's presence in the Caribbean and weakening Spanish control in the region. While the war did not decisively defeat Spain, it marked a significant step in England's rise as a global power and contributed to the decline of Spanish influence. The war also intensified existing conflicts between England, France, and the Netherlands for colonial dominance.