Akhdam

The Akhdam (Arabic: أخدام), also sometimes referred to as Muhamasheen (Arabic: مهمشين, meaning "the marginalized"), are a marginalized and historically oppressed group in Yemen. They are considered to be at the very bottom of the social hierarchy and face severe discrimination based on their perceived ancestry and occupation.

The origin of the Akhdam is debated, but one common theory suggests they are descendants of Ethiopian soldiers who were defeated in the 6th century. Other theories link them to various groups, often associating them with unclean occupations. Regardless of their specific historical origins, the prevailing societal view in Yemen associates them with impurity and low status.

The Akhdam are typically relegated to menial jobs such as street cleaning, garbage collection, and begging. They often live in segregated communities, lacking access to basic services like clean water, sanitation, education, and healthcare. Marriage outside the Akhdam community is strongly discouraged and rare due to prevailing social stigmas.

The Akhdam face widespread discrimination in all aspects of life, including employment, housing, and legal protection. While efforts have been made by civil society organizations and some governmental initiatives to improve their situation and combat discrimination, the deep-seated prejudices and systemic inequalities remain significant challenges. Despite constituting a substantial portion of Yemen's population, estimated to be between 2% and 5%, the Akhdam are largely invisible in political and social life. The ongoing conflict in Yemen has further exacerbated their vulnerability and marginalization.