Tarkhany

Tarkhany (singular: Tarkhan) were a privileged social stratum in various Turkic and Mongol societies, notably in the Golden Horde, the Ilkhanate, and other successor states of the Mongol Empire. The term designated individuals who were granted special immunities and privileges by a ruling khan or emperor. These privileges typically included exemption from taxation, military service, and certain other obligations owed to the state.

Tarkhans held a considerable degree of autonomy within their designated territories or jurisdictions. The rank was often hereditary, although it could also be bestowed upon individuals for exceptional service to the ruler, such as military victories, diplomatic achievements, or valuable counsel.

The status of Tarkhan conferred significant social and economic advantages. Tarkhans frequently amassed considerable wealth and influence, becoming powerful figures within their respective societies. Their immunities could extend to their dependents and the lands under their control, creating pockets of quasi-independent power within the larger empire.

The exact nature and extent of tarkhan privileges varied depending on the specific historical context and the whims of the ruling khan. The system of tarkhan grants was often used as a means of rewarding loyalty, consolidating power, and encouraging settlement of frontier regions. Over time, the institution of tarkhany could contribute to decentralization and weaken the central authority of the empire, particularly as the powers of individual tarkhans grew and became increasingly independent. The role of Tarkhany and their privileges played a significant part in the socio-political landscape of these empires.