Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven)

Symphony No. 9 in D minor, Op. 125, also known as the "Choral Symphony," is the final complete symphony by Ludwig van Beethoven. It is one of the best-known works in common practice music and is widely regarded as one of the greatest compositions in Western music history. Completed in 1824, it premiered in Vienna on May 7, 1824.

The symphony is notable for its incorporation of a choral movement in the fourth movement. The text is adapted from Friedrich Schiller's "Ode to Joy," with added text by Beethoven himself. The choral movement features four vocal soloists (soprano, alto, tenor, and bass) and a chorus.

The symphony is structured in four movements:

• I. Allegro ma non troppo, un poco maestoso: An epic and powerful opening movement in D minor.
• II. Molto vivace – Presto: A scherzo and trio in D minor, known for its rhythmic drive and energy. Beethoven unusually places the Scherzo second rather than third, a departure from standard symphonic form at the time.
• III. Adagio molto e cantabile – Andante moderato: A slow and lyrical movement in B-flat major, offering a contrast to the preceding movements. It features a double variation form, with two main themes and their variations.
• IV. Presto – Allegro molto assai: The famous choral finale, beginning with instrumental passages that quote fragments of earlier movements before introducing the "Ode to Joy" melody first by the cellos and basses, then developing into a full choral expression of universal brotherhood.

Beethoven's Ninth Symphony was groundbreaking in its scope, ambition, and emotional depth. It pushed the boundaries of symphonic form and content, influencing generations of composers. Its use of the human voice in a symphony was unprecedented and opened new possibilities for the genre. The "Ode to Joy" theme has become an anthem for freedom, unity, and hope, used in numerous contexts, including as the Anthem of Europe. The original manuscript is part of UNESCO's Memory of the World Programme.