Stem (music)

In music production, a stem is a grouped audio track containing a collection of related tracks mixed together into a single file. Unlike individual tracks, which represent single instruments or vocal parts, stems provide a simplified representation of sections within a song. Stems typically represent elements such as drums, bass, vocals, instruments (guitars, keyboards, etc.), effects, or background vocals.

The creation of stems involves submixing related audio tracks, applying processing such as equalization, compression, and effects, and then exporting the result as a single audio file. Stems are often used in various stages of music production, mastering, and distribution.

Common uses of stems include:

• Mastering: Mastering engineers may request stems to have more control over the balance and overall sound of a song, allowing them to make adjustments to specific groups of instruments without affecting the entire mix.

• Remixing: Remix artists can use stems to create new versions of a song by rearranging, adding to, or replacing existing elements.

• Film and Television: Stems are used in film and television post-production to provide flexibility in adjusting the mix for dialogue clarity and overall sonic impact. A typical request might be for instrumental, vocal, and sound effects stems.

• Live Performance: Stems can be used to create backing tracks for live performances, allowing musicians to play along with pre-recorded elements.

• Video Games: Stems offer more flexibility than a single stereo mix in video games, allowing for dynamic adjustments based on in-game events.

• Distribution and Licensing: Stems can be licensed for use in various projects, offering a cost-effective alternative to licensing individual tracks.

The advantage of using stems is that they provide a balance between the simplicity of a stereo mix and the flexibility of individual tracks. They allow for significant adjustments to be made without requiring access to the original multitrack session. However, they also reduce the fine-grained control afforded by individual tracks.