Shams (deity)

Shams, also spelled Shamash, is the Akkadian and Babylonian name for the Sun God. He is associated with justice, law, morality, and truth. His Sumerian equivalent is Utu.

Attributes and Roles

Shamash was seen as the all-seeing judge who observed everything that happened during the day. This made him a natural patron of law and justice, with oaths often sworn in his name. Kings and judges were expected to administer justice in accordance with Shamash's divine principles. He was also associated with the divination of omens.

His consort was Aya, with whom he was often depicted. Common iconography includes Shamash emerging from between two mountains, holding a saw-toothed sword (representing his power to cut through darkness and injustice) and emitting rays of light.

Worship

Shamash was widely worshipped throughout Mesopotamia. Major temples dedicated to him were located in Sippar and Larsa. Offerings and prayers were made to him to seek his blessings for justice, protection, and success. Festivals were held in his honor, celebrating his role in bringing light and order to the world.

Myths and Legends

Shamash features prominently in various Mesopotamian myths and legends. In the Epic of Gilgamesh, he is a powerful ally of Gilgamesh and Enkidu, providing them with divine assistance during their adventures. He is portrayed as a benevolent god who supports heroes and champions of righteousness.

Influence

The worship of Shamash and the associated concepts of divine justice influenced legal and ethical thought in ancient Mesopotamia and beyond. His role as the all-seeing judge and patron of law left a lasting impact on the development of legal systems and moral codes in the region.