Section (archaeology)

In archaeology, a section refers to a vertical exposure of archaeological deposits, often created by excavation, natural erosion, or construction activity. Sections provide a two-dimensional view of the stratigraphy of a site, revealing the layers of soil, sediment, and cultural materials that have accumulated over time.

Sections are crucial for understanding the sequence of past events and human activities at a site. By carefully observing and recording the different layers, their composition, color, texture, and the artifacts they contain, archaeologists can reconstruct the chronology of the site and interpret the changes in land use, environment, and culture that have occurred over time.

The recording of a section typically involves:

• Drawing: A detailed drawing of the section is made, showing the boundaries of the different layers (also known as strata or horizons).
• Photography: Photographs are taken to provide a visual record of the section.
• Description: Each layer is described in detail, noting its color (using a Munsell color chart), texture, composition (e.g., clay, sand, loam), and the types of artifacts or ecofacts it contains.
• Interpretation: Archaeologists interpret the layers and their relationship to each other, drawing conclusions about the formation of the site and the activities that took place there.

The information obtained from sections is often combined with horizontal (plan) views of the site to create a three-dimensional understanding of the archaeological context. Sections are also invaluable for identifying features such as pits, ditches, walls, and floors, which may be partially or completely buried within the stratigraphic layers. They are essential for relative dating of artifacts and events. The study of sections is a fundamental aspect of archaeological excavation and interpretation.