Pecora

Pecora is an infraorder of even-toed ungulates (artiodactyls) belonging to the order Cetartiodactyla. Members of Pecora are commonly referred to as ruminants, although the Ruminantia is a taxonomic group nested within Pecora. Pecorans are characterized by the presence of ossicones (bony, skin-covered horns) in many species, complex, multi-chambered stomachs specialized for ruminant digestion, and typically possess a four-chambered heart.

The infraorder encompasses a diverse group of animals, including:

• Families: Antilocapridae (pronghorn), Bovidae (cattle, goats, sheep, antelopes), Cervidae (deer, elk, moose), Giraffidae (giraffes, okapi), and Moschidae (musk deer).

• Key Characteristics: Ruminant digestion is a defining feature of Pecora. This process involves regurgitating partially digested food (cud) and re-chewing it to further break down plant matter, aided by symbiotic microorganisms within the stomach. This allows pecorans to extract nutrients from tough vegetation more efficiently than non-ruminants. Ossicones, when present, are permanent structures that grow from the skull and are typically covered in skin and hair. They are often used in intraspecific competition for mates or resources.

• Distribution: Pecorans are found on every continent except Antarctica and Australia (though some species have been introduced to Australia). They inhabit a wide variety of habitats, ranging from arctic tundra to tropical rainforests.

• Evolution: The evolutionary history of Pecora dates back to the Eocene epoch. The group diversified throughout the Oligocene and Miocene epochs, leading to the wide array of species seen today. Fossil evidence provides insights into the development of ruminant digestion and the evolution of ossicones.

• Ecological Importance: Pecorans play important roles in many ecosystems, serving as primary consumers and influencing plant communities through grazing and browsing. They are also a significant food source for predators.

• Relationship with Humans: Many pecoran species have been domesticated by humans for meat, milk, wool, and other products. They are also hunted for sport and are important in many cultures.