Monophony

Monophony, derived from the Greek words "monos" (single) and "phone" (sound or voice), refers to music with a single melodic line. This melodic line can be sung or played by one person or many, provided that they are all performing the exact same melody in unison or at octaves.

Monophony is characterized by the absence of harmony or counterpoint. There is no accompaniment, no subordinate melodies, and no chordal structure supporting the main melody. The focus is solely on the single, linear melodic contour.

Monophonic music is found across many cultures and throughout history. Examples include plainchant (Gregorian chant), some forms of folk music, and simple melodies played on solo instruments. The key characteristic is the singular, unaccompanied melodic line. The performance can be varied with rhythmic alterations or embellishments, but as long as the fundamental melody remains the same for all performers, it remains monophonic.

It's important to distinguish monophony from homophony and polyphony. Homophony features a main melody supported by chords or accompaniment, while polyphony involves multiple independent melodic lines sounding simultaneously.