Liberal Party (Bourbon Restoration)

The Liberal Party, also referred to historically as the Exaltados or Moderados depending on the specific faction, was a political grouping in Spain during the Bourbon Restoration period (1814-1833, excluding the Trienio Liberal). It encompassed individuals and factions who advocated for a constitutional monarchy and limitations on the absolute power of King Ferdinand VII. The party’s precise composition and platform shifted over time, reflecting the volatile political landscape and the ongoing struggle between absolutist forces and proponents of liberal reforms.

Following Ferdinand VII's return to Spain in 1814 and his abrogation of the Constitution of 1812, liberals were initially persecuted and forced into exile or clandestine activity. Their core demand was the restoration of the Constitution of 1812, which enshrined principles of national sovereignty, separation of powers, and individual rights. They also generally supported policies promoting economic freedom, legal equality, and a reduction in the power of the Church.

The Liberal Party gained significant influence during the Trienio Liberal (1820-1823), a period when Ferdinand VII was forced to accept the Constitution of 1812 following a military revolt led by Rafael del Riego. During this period, the Liberal Party was far from unified, splintering into factions such as the Exaltados (Exalted Ones), who favored radical reforms and a more democratic system, and the Moderados (Moderates), who preferred a more cautious approach and sought to reconcile liberal principles with the interests of the monarchy and the traditional elites. These factions often clashed, leading to political instability and weakening the liberal cause.

The Trienio Liberal was brought to an end by French intervention in 1823, restoring Ferdinand VII's absolute rule. This led to a renewed period of repression and exile for liberals. However, the death of Ferdinand VII in 1833 and the succession of his daughter Isabella II, under the regency of Maria Christina, created new opportunities for the Liberal Party to re-emerge and play a dominant role in Spanish politics. The party then continued to evolve and fragment throughout the 19th century.