Kitwood
Kitwood refers primarily to the work of Professor Tom Kitwood (1937-1998), a British psychologist who significantly contributed to the understanding of dementia and its impact on individuals. He challenged the prevailing biomedical model of dementia, which focused primarily on the pathological changes in the brain, and instead advocated for a person-centered approach.
Kitwood argued that individuals with dementia retain personhood, and their experiences are profoundly shaped by the social and psychological environment in which they live. He emphasized the importance of understanding the unique history, personality, and needs of each person with dementia.
His key concepts include:
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Personhood: The inherent value and uniqueness of each individual, regardless of their cognitive abilities. Kitwood believed that personhood is not something that can be "lost" due to dementia but can be diminished by negative social interactions and institutional practices.
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Malignant Social Psychology: The detrimental effects of negative social interactions and institutional environments on the well-being and personhood of individuals with dementia. Examples include infantilization, ignoring, intimidation, labeling, overpowering, deception, and invalidation. These interactions can erode a person's sense of self-worth and independence.
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Positive Person Work: Actions and approaches that promote and support the personhood of individuals with dementia. This includes practices such as affirmation, recognition, celebration, connection, and holding. These positive interactions can foster a sense of belonging, dignity, and well-being.
Kitwood's work has had a profound impact on dementia care practices, leading to a greater emphasis on individual needs, relationship-centered care, and creating environments that support well-being and maintain personhood. His ideas have influenced policy, training, and research in the field of dementia care globally. His book, Dementia Reconsidered: The Person Comes First, is considered a seminal work in the field.