John Dryden (writer, died 1701)
John Dryden (1631-1700) was an influential English poet, literary critic, translator, and playwright who dominated the literary scene of the Restoration period to such an extent that it is often referred to as the Age of Dryden. He was appointed Poet Laureate in 1668 and Historiographer Royal in 1670.
Dryden’s early works, such as "Heroic Stanzas" (1659), reflected a Puritan upbringing and celebrated the recently deceased Oliver Cromwell. However, with the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660, Dryden quickly adapted, penning "Astraea Redux," a poem celebrating the return of Charles II.
His contributions to drama were significant. He wrote numerous plays, including comedies like "Marriage a-la-Mode" (1671) and tragedies like "All for Love" (1677), a reimagining of Shakespeare’s Antony and Cleopatra. Dryden was instrumental in establishing the heroic drama, characterized by elevated language, heroic themes, and the use of rhyming couplets.
Dryden’s critical essays, particularly "An Essay of Dramatic Poesy" (1668), are foundational texts in English literary criticism. In this essay, he explores the merits of different forms of drama, particularly comparing English and French drama. His critical writings helped to establish neoclassical principles of order, clarity, and decorum in English literature. He also translated works by Virgil, Homer, Ovid, and Chaucer, demonstrating a deep engagement with classical and medieval literature.
Dryden's influence waned after the Glorious Revolution of 1688, when the Catholic James II was deposed and the Protestant William of Orange ascended the throne. As a Catholic convert, Dryden lost his official positions and literary patronage. He continued to write prolifically, focusing on translations and poetry, including "Alexander's Feast" (1697), a highly regarded ode. Dryden died in 1700 and is buried in Westminster Abbey. He is remembered as a pivotal figure in English literature, a master of various literary forms, and a key shaper of the neoclassical style.