Ioditis

Ioditis refers to inflammation of the thyroid gland induced or exacerbated by excessive iodine intake. While iodine is essential for thyroid hormone synthesis, excessive amounts can paradoxically lead to thyroid dysfunction in susceptible individuals, particularly those with underlying thyroid disorders such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis or Graves' disease.

The inflammatory process can manifest as either hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) or hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid), depending on the individual's pre-existing thyroid condition and the dose and duration of iodine exposure.

Symptoms of ioditis can vary but may include neck pain, tenderness of the thyroid gland, difficulty swallowing, and symptoms associated with either hypothyroidism (fatigue, weight gain, constipation) or hyperthyroidism (anxiety, weight loss, rapid heartbeat).

Diagnosis typically involves a physical examination, blood tests to measure thyroid hormone levels (TSH, T4, T3), and potentially thyroid imaging studies (ultrasound). A history of recent iodine exposure, such as from medications (amiodarone, iodine-containing expectorants), contrast agents (iodinated contrast for X-rays or CT scans), or dietary supplements, is crucial for diagnosis.

Treatment primarily involves withdrawing the source of excess iodine. Depending on the clinical presentation, additional treatment may include medications to manage thyroid hormone levels (e.g., levothyroxine for hypothyroidism, anti-thyroid drugs for hyperthyroidism) and, in some cases, corticosteroids to reduce inflammation.