Gracula

Gracula is a genus of birds in the starling family, Sturnidae. Commonly known as hill mynas, these birds are native to tropical southeastern Asia. The genus comprises several species, all characterized by their glossy black plumage, prominent wattles on the head and neck, and their remarkable ability to mimic human speech and other sounds.

Taxonomy and Systematics

The genus Gracula was established by Carl Linnaeus in 1758. The exact number of species within the genus has been debated, with various authorities recognizing different classifications. The most commonly accepted species include the Common Hill Myna (Gracula religiosa) and the Southern Hill Myna (Gracula indica). Other populations may be considered subspecies or distinct species depending on the taxonomic approach. Phylogenetic studies are ongoing to further clarify the relationships between different hill myna populations.

Description

Hill mynas are medium-sized birds, typically ranging from 25 to 30 centimeters in length. They are predominantly black with a metallic sheen, often displaying iridescent green or purple highlights in their plumage. The defining feature of the genus is the presence of bare, brightly colored wattles on the head and neck. These wattles vary in shape and size depending on the species and subspecies. The bill and legs are typically bright yellow or orange.

Distribution and Habitat

Hill mynas are found in a wide range of tropical forest habitats in Southeast Asia, from India and Sri Lanka eastward through mainland Southeast Asia, Indonesia, and the Philippines. They prefer humid environments, including rainforests, woodlands, and cultivated areas. They are often found in areas with abundant fruit trees.

Behavior and Ecology

Hill mynas are highly social birds, often found in pairs or small groups. They are omnivorous, feeding on a variety of fruits, insects, nectar, and small vertebrates. Their diet is highly adaptable depending on the availability of food sources. They are well-known for their vocal abilities, being able to mimic human speech, whistles, and other sounds with remarkable accuracy. This ability makes them popular as pets. They nest in tree cavities or rock crevices.

Conservation Status

The conservation status of hill myna species varies. The Common Hill Myna (Gracula religiosa) is classified as Least Concern by the IUCN, although populations are declining in some areas due to habitat loss and exploitation for the pet trade. Other species or subspecies may face greater threats due to smaller populations or more restricted ranges. Sustainable management of wild populations and regulation of the pet trade are crucial for ensuring the long-term survival of these fascinating birds.