Glucagon (medication)
Glucagon is a medication used to treat severe hypoglycemia (low blood sugar). It is a hormone naturally produced by the pancreas that works to raise blood glucose levels. As a medication, it is typically used in emergency situations when an individual with diabetes is unable to take sugar orally or intravenously.
Mechanism of Action: Glucagon works by stimulating the liver to release stored glucose (glycogen) into the bloodstream. It binds to glucagon receptors on liver cells, triggering a cascade of events that lead to the breakdown of glycogen into glucose. This process increases blood glucose levels, counteracting the effects of hypoglycemia.
Indications: The primary indication for glucagon is the treatment of severe hypoglycemia in individuals with diabetes who are unresponsive or unable to take oral glucose. This includes situations where the person is unconscious, having seizures, or otherwise unable to safely swallow.
Administration: Glucagon is typically administered as an injection, either intramuscularly (IM) or subcutaneously (SC). Some formulations are available as a nasal spray. The dosage varies depending on the age and weight of the individual. It is important to follow the instructions provided by a healthcare professional or the medication's packaging.
Adverse Effects: Common side effects of glucagon include nausea, vomiting, and headache. Less common but more serious side effects include allergic reactions. Patients should be monitored for any adverse effects following glucagon administration.
Contraindications: There are few absolute contraindications to glucagon use in the setting of severe hypoglycemia. Relative contraindications may include pheochromocytoma and insulinoma, as glucagon can stimulate hormone release from these tumors.
Storage: Glucagon should be stored according to the manufacturer's instructions. Typically, it should be kept at room temperature and protected from light and moisture. Expired glucagon should not be used.
Important Considerations:
- Glucagon is intended for emergency use only. It is not a substitute for proper diabetes management.
- Family members, caregivers, and close contacts of individuals with diabetes should be trained on how to administer glucagon.
- Following glucagon administration, it is important to seek medical attention.
- Glucagon may not be effective in individuals with depleted glycogen stores, such as those with starvation or adrenal insufficiency.
- It's crucial to teach the individual, once conscious, to eat a longer-acting carbohydrate source to prevent a recurrence of hypoglycemia.