Gamaliel

Gamaliel refers primarily to two prominent figures in Jewish history:

1. Gamaliel the Elder (Gamaliel I): A leading Pharisee of the first century CE. He is considered a Tanna of the first generation, meaning he lived during the time of the Second Temple and contributed to the development of Jewish law (Halakha). Gamaliel the Elder is highly respected in Jewish tradition for his wisdom, his adherence to the Law, and his advocacy for a lenient interpretation of religious rules. He is mentioned in the New Testament (Acts 5:34-40; 22:3) where he is described as a highly esteemed teacher of the Law, and is said to have been the teacher of the Apostle Paul (Saul of Tarsus). The Talmud portrays him as the head of the Sanhedrin (the Jewish high court) and attributes many important legal decisions to him. He is known for his concern for the welfare of all, even those outside the Jewish community.

2. Gamaliel II (Gamaliel of Yavneh): A grandson or descendant of Gamaliel the Elder. He lived in the late first and early second centuries CE, after the destruction of the Second Temple. He played a crucial role in re-establishing Jewish authority and leadership in Yavneh following the destruction of Jerusalem in 70 CE. Gamaliel II is credited with reorganizing the Sanhedrin, promoting the standardization of Jewish liturgy, and establishing the authority of the rabbinic academy in Yavneh as the central institution for Jewish learning and decision-making. His leadership was instrumental in ensuring the survival and continuity of Judaism during a period of immense upheaval. He is also known for his sometimes authoritarian style and disagreements with other prominent rabbis of his time.

In summary, the name Gamaliel is associated with intellectual and religious leadership within Judaism during the pivotal periods surrounding the Second Temple and its aftermath. Both figures bearing the name are revered for their contributions to the development of Jewish law, the preservation of Jewish tradition, and the shaping of Jewish identity.