Fano (militia)

Fano (militia) refers to an Amhara ethnic nationalist youth militia active primarily in the Amhara Region of Ethiopia. They are not a unified, centrally commanded force, but rather a collection of loosely affiliated, locally organized groups. The Fano gained prominence during the Tigray War (2020-2022), initially fighting alongside the Ethiopian National Defense Force (ENDF) and allied regional forces against the Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF).

Their motivations are varied and often locally specific, but broadly include protecting Amhara interests, reclaiming disputed territories (particularly those bordering the Tigray region), and asserting Amhara political influence. The Fano's composition includes farmers, day laborers, and educated youth. Access to weaponry varies, with some members possessing modern firearms while others are armed with traditional weapons.

Following the cessation of active combat in the Tigray War, tensions rose between the Fano and the Ethiopian federal government. Disagreements over disarmament, the integration of Fano fighters into the ENDF, and the broader political future of the Amhara Region led to open conflict in 2023. The Ethiopian government declared a state of emergency in the Amhara Region in August 2023 in response to escalating clashes with the Fano.

The Fano's actions have been controversial. While some view them as defenders of the Amhara people, others accuse them of human rights abuses, including extrajudicial killings and forced displacement. Their lack of central command makes it difficult to attribute responsibility for specific actions and to negotiate a lasting peace. The future role of the Fano in Ethiopian politics remains uncertain.