Ephedrine

Ephedrine is a sympathomimetic amine, primarily used as a stimulant, appetite suppressant, concentration aid, decongestant, and to treat hypotension associated with anesthesia. It is commonly used to temporarily relieve shortness of breath, chest tightness, and wheezing due to asthma.

Chemically, ephedrine is an alkaloid found in various species of the genus Ephedra. It works by increasing the activity of norepinephrine at noradrenergic receptors. This action leads to increased heart rate, blood pressure, and bronchodilation.

Ephedrine exists as several stereoisomers, including L-ephedrine (or (-)-ephedrine), D-ephedrine (or (+)-ephedrine), L-pseudoephedrine (or (-)-pseudoephedrine), and D-pseudoephedrine (or (+)-pseudoephedrine). L-ephedrine is the naturally occurring isomer and is more potent than the other isomers. Pseudoephedrine is another isomer of ephedrine with similar but weaker effects and is commonly used as a nasal decongestant.

Due to its stimulant properties, ephedrine has been used as a performance-enhancing drug. However, it is banned by many sports organizations.

Potential side effects of ephedrine include increased heart rate, increased blood pressure, anxiety, insomnia, tremors, headache, and dizziness. In rare cases, more serious side effects such as stroke, heart attack, and psychosis can occur. Ephedrine can also interact with other medications, and should be used with caution in individuals with pre-existing medical conditions, such as heart disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, or glaucoma. Use in pregnant or breastfeeding women is generally not recommended.

The sale and availability of ephedrine is regulated in many countries due to its potential for misuse and abuse. In some regions, it is available over-the-counter in low doses as a decongestant or bronchial dilator, while in others it is only available by prescription.