Empress Cao (Li Siyuan's wife)

Empress Cao (曹皇后, personal name unknown) was the primary wife of Emperor Mingzong (Li Siyuan) of the Later Tang dynasty, during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period in Chinese history. She was posthumously honored with the title Empress Hejian (和簡皇后).

Very little is known about her early life. What is known is largely derived from accounts written after her death, particularly following Li Siyuan's ascension to the throne. Prior to Li Siyuan becoming emperor, she held the title of Princess Consort.

After Li Siyuan declared himself emperor in 926, Empress Cao was not initially named empress. Another consort, Consort Wang (王淑妃), enjoyed more favor. It wasn't until after Consort Wang's death in 930 that Cao was formally instated as empress.

Empress Cao did not have any biological children with Emperor Mingzong. She was known for her virtuous character and her ability to manage the imperial household effectively. Historical accounts suggest she maintained a peaceful and stable environment within the palace.

She died on an unknown date during the reign of her husband and was eventually buried with him after his death. She played a limited political role, consistent with the expectations of imperial consorts during that era, primarily focusing on domestic duties and maintaining familial harmony. Despite not having children of her own, she appeared to have fulfilled her duties within the palace walls.