Demaratus

Demaratus (Greek: Δημάρατος; reigned c. 515–491 BC) was the 15th king of Sparta in the Agiad line. He co-ruled with Leotychidas, who eventually deposed him.

Demaratus's reign was marked by significant events in Spartan history, most notably his role in the lead-up to the Greco-Persian Wars. He is known for warning Sparta of Xerxes's impending invasion, a warning delivered through a seemingly innocuous wax tablet where the message was written on the wood beneath the wax.

His lineage was a subject of controversy, as questions arose regarding his legitimacy as the son of King Ariston. Leotychidas, spurred by personal animosity and possibly political maneuvering, exploited these doubts to challenge Demaratus's right to the throne. Leotychidas accused Ariston of impotence at the time of Demaratus's conception, leading to the assertion that Demaratus was not Ariston's true son. This accusation eventually led to Demaratus's deposition and exile.

After being deposed, Demaratus sought refuge with the Persian king Darius I, who welcomed him and granted him land and honors. He later advised Xerxes I during the Persian invasion of Greece, offering insights into Spartan customs, strengths, and weaknesses. Despite serving the Persians, accounts suggest a continued, albeit complex, sense of loyalty to his homeland.

Demaratus's actions and motivations remain a subject of historical debate. He is remembered for his courage in warning Sparta about the Persian threat and for the circumstances surrounding his deposition and exile. His life exemplifies the complex political landscape of ancient Greece and the shifting alliances that characterized the period. He died in Persia, still holding the land and honors given to him by Darius.