Columba (genus)

Columba is a genus of birds in the pigeon family (Columbidae), widely distributed across the globe, with a higher concentration of species in Eurasia and Africa. Members of this genus are generally referred to as typical pigeons or true pigeons.

Characteristics:

Columba pigeons are typically medium to large in size, with robust bodies and relatively small heads. Their plumage is often gray, brown, or white, sometimes with iridescent patches. They have short legs and strong wings, adapted for sustained flight. A key characteristic is the presence of a cere, a fleshy structure at the base of the beak.

Diet and Habitat:

Most Columba species are granivores, feeding primarily on seeds and grains. They are often found in open habitats such as grasslands, agricultural fields, and urban areas, as well as woodland and forest edges.

Behavior:

Columba pigeons are generally social birds, often forming flocks. They are known for their distinctive cooing calls. Breeding behavior varies among species but typically involves building a simple nest of twigs and laying one or two eggs. Both parents participate in incubation and feeding the young.

Taxonomy:

The genus Columba is the type genus of the family Columbidae. The taxonomy of Columba species has been subject to revisions based on both morphological and genetic data. Some species previously placed in Columba have been reclassified into other genera.

Conservation Status:

The conservation status of Columba species varies widely. Some species, such as the Rock Dove (Columba livia), are abundant and widespread, while others are threatened or endangered due to habitat loss, hunting, or other factors. Several island endemic species have faced extinction.

Notable Species:

• Rock Dove (Columba livia): The wild ancestor of domestic pigeons, found across Eurasia and North Africa.
• Wood Pigeon (Columba palumbus): A common pigeon found in Europe and western Asia.
• Stock Dove (Columba oenas): A smaller pigeon species found in Europe and western Asia.