Champa–Đại Việt War (1367–1390)

The Champa–Đại Việt War (1367–1390) was a major conflict fought between the kingdom of Champa and Đại Việt (the predecessor state to modern Vietnam) in the late 14th century. The war was characterized by periods of intense fighting punctuated by truces and shifting alliances.

Background:

Relations between Champa and Đại Việt had been historically fraught, marked by territorial disputes, raiding, and competition for regional dominance. The late 14th century saw a renewed escalation of these tensions. The Đại Việt Trần dynasty was experiencing internal political instability, creating an opportunity for Champa under King Chế Bồng Nga (also known as Po Binasuor in Cham sources) to assert itself.

Course of the War:

• Champa Offensives: Under the dynamic leadership of Chế Bồng Nga, Champa launched a series of devastating raids and invasions into Đại Việt. These campaigns were often highly successful, reaching as far north as the Đại Việt capital, Thăng Long (modern-day Hanoi), on multiple occasions. Champa's naval strength and military tactics proved superior to those of Đại Việt during much of the conflict.
• Đại Việt Defense: Despite initial setbacks, Đại Việt mounted a determined defense under the Trần rulers and their generals. The Đại Việt military implemented scorched-earth tactics and fortified key locations to slow the Champa advance.
• Turning Point: The war began to shift in Đại Việt's favor towards the end of the period. The Đại Việt were able to improve their defenses and strategies.
• Death of Chế Bồng Nga: The turning point of the war came with the death of Chế Bồng Nga in 1390. He was killed during a naval battle against Đại Việt forces. His death significantly weakened Champa and demoralized its military.

Outcome and Aftermath:

The death of Chế Bồng Nga marked the effective end of the major offensive phase of the war. While sporadic conflicts continued between Champa and Đại Việt, Champa never again posed such a serious threat to Đại Việt's existence. The war significantly weakened Champa, paving the way for future Đại Việt expansion southwards. The conflict also exposed the weaknesses of the Trần dynasty, contributing to its eventual decline. It solidified Đại Việt's position as the dominant power in the region.