Cao Zhi

Cao Zhi (曹植) (192 – 232 CE), courtesy name Zijian (子建), was a prince of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of Chinese history. He was the third son of Cao Cao, the warlord who laid the foundation for Wei, and Lady Bian (later Empress Dowager Bian).

Cao Zhi was renowned for his literary talent and is considered one of the most representative poets of his time. His works are characterized by their romanticism, vivid imagery, and emotional depth. He is particularly famous for his fu (rhapsodies) and his contributions to the development of five-character poetry (五言詩).

Despite his talent, Cao Zhi was never favored by his father, Cao Cao, as the heir apparent. Cao Cao ultimately chose his elder brother Cao Pi, who later became Emperor Wen of Wei, as his successor. This decision led to a life of frustration and political marginalization for Cao Zhi. He was constantly watched and suspected by his brother, and his requests for important government posts were often denied.

His most famous and oft-cited work is the Luoshen Fu (洛神賦), or "Rhapsody on the Luo River Goddess," which is a romantic and allegorical work often interpreted as an expression of Cao Zhi's unrequited love for either Zhen Ji (Cao Pi's wife) or his thwarted political ambitions. Other notable works include the "White Horse Poem" (白馬篇) and various poems expressing his sorrow and frustration.

Cao Zhi died at the age of 40, a relatively young age, due to illness. His works continue to be studied and appreciated for their artistic merit and as a reflection of his complex life and times.