Caduceus

The caduceus (κηρύκειον, kērukeion in Greek) is a staff traditionally carried by Hermes in Greek mythology and consequently by Hermes Trismegistus in Greco-Egyptian mythology. It is most often depicted as a short staff entwined by two serpents, sometimes surmounted by wings.

While frequently used as a symbol representing commerce, negotiation, reciprocity, and generally any occupation that involved language and communication, it is commonly mistakenly used as a symbol of medicine, particularly in the United States, because of confusion with the Rod of Asclepius, which has only one snake.

The origin of the caduceus symbol is debated. Some theories suggest it derives from Near Eastern precedents, associating the staff with deities such as the Sumerian Ningishzida. Other theories point to its association with Hermes' role as a messenger and guide of souls to the underworld, with the snakes representing immortality and rebirth. Still others connect it to ancient healing practices involving snakes.

The symbolism of the two snakes is also subject to interpretation. They may represent duality, balance, reconciliation, or the opposing forces of nature brought into harmony. The wings, when present, are thought to symbolize Hermes' swiftness and ability to travel between the mortal and divine realms.

The misuse of the caduceus as a medical symbol is widespread, despite the existence of the Rod of Asclepius as the historically and symbolically appropriate emblem for medicine and healing. This confusion has led to ongoing efforts to clarify the distinction between the two symbols and promote the correct use of the Rod of Asclepius in medical contexts.