Alloxan

Alloxan is a toxic glucose analogue and pyrimidine derivative. It is primarily known for its selective toxicity to pancreatic beta cells, which are responsible for insulin production. This property has made it a widely used chemical in experimental research to induce diabetes in laboratory animals, mimicking aspects of type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Alloxan acts as a beta-cell toxin by accumulating in these cells via the GLUT2 glucose transporter. Once inside, alloxan undergoes a reduction reaction, generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), including superoxide radicals and hydrogen peroxide. These ROS cause oxidative stress, leading to DNA damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, and ultimately, cell death by necrosis. The sensitivity of beta cells to alloxan is thought to be due to their relatively low levels of antioxidant enzymes.

Alloxan is not used therapeutically in humans due to its significant toxicity. Its primary use remains confined to experimental research settings for the study of diabetes pathophysiology and the development of potential treatments. Other methods, such as streptozotocin, are also employed for similar purposes.