Adrafinil

Adrafinil is a central nervous system stimulant and wakefulness-promoting agent. It is a prodrug to modafinil, meaning that it is metabolized in the liver to form modafinil, its primary active metabolite, as well as modafinilic acid.

Adrafinil was originally developed in the late 1970s by the French pharmaceutical company Laboratoire Lafon and was approved for use in France to treat conditions such as narcolepsy, idiopathic hypersomnia, and excessive daytime sleepiness. It was later used off-label for other purposes, including improving alertness and cognitive function.

While structurally similar to modafinil, adrafinil is generally considered to have a slightly slower onset of action and potentially a less potent effect due to the metabolism process required for it to become active. Following oral administration, adrafinil is absorbed and then converted in the liver to modafinil and modafinilic acid.

The precise mechanism of action of adrafinil is not fully understood, but it is believed that the effects are primarily mediated through the increase of histamine levels in the brain. Other neurotransmitter systems may also be involved, including dopamine, norepinephrine, and orexin.

Adrafinil is not currently approved for use in the United States or many other countries and is typically available as a research chemical or as an unregulated supplement. As such, the quality and purity of adrafinil products can vary, and users should exercise caution when considering its use.

Common side effects of adrafinil can include headache, nausea, anxiety, insomnia, and dry mouth. More serious side effects are rare but can include liver problems, cardiovascular issues, and psychiatric disturbances. Because adrafinil is metabolized by the liver, long-term use or high doses may pose a risk of liver damage.

Due to its unregulated status and potential side effects, it is crucial to consult with a healthcare professional before using adrafinil. It should not be used by individuals with pre-existing medical conditions, particularly liver or heart problems.