ATP5G3

ATP5G3 is a human gene that encodes a subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase, also known as F1F0-ATPase. More specifically, ATP5G3 codes for subunit c (subunit 9) isoform 3 of the ATP synthase complex.

The ATP synthase complex is a large protein complex located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It is responsible for the final step in oxidative phosphorylation, the process by which cells generate the majority of their ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the primary energy currency of the cell. The complex utilizes a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane, generated by the electron transport chain, to drive the synthesis of ATP from ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and inorganic phosphate.

Subunit c (subunit 9) is a small, hydrophobic protein that forms a ring-like structure in the F0 portion of the ATP synthase. This ring rotates as protons flow through the complex, driving the rotation of the central stalk and ultimately leading to ATP synthesis in the F1 portion.

ATP5G3 is one of three isoforms of subunit c in humans (the others being ATP5G1 and ATP5G2). These isoforms may have tissue-specific expression and/or play distinct roles in the assembly or function of the ATP synthase complex. Mutations in ATP5G3 have been implicated in certain mitochondrial disorders, though the specific phenotypes associated with these mutations can vary. Further research is ongoing to fully elucidate the role of ATP5G3 and its contribution to overall mitochondrial function and health.