461 BC

461 BC marks a significant year in ancient Greek history, primarily due to the rise to power of Ephialtes and the subsequent reforms he initiated in Athens. These reforms dramatically shifted the balance of power away from the Areopagus, the traditional council of Athenian elders, and towards the popular assembly (Ecclesia) and the Council of 500 (Boule).

Ephialtes successfully prosecuted members of the Areopagus for corruption, weakening their authority. The powers previously held by the Areopagus, relating to the guardianship of the laws, were distributed amongst the Boule, the Ecclesia, and the popular courts (Heliaia). This included the power to try certain important state officials and to scrutinize the conduct of magistrates.

This transfer of power is often seen as a key step in the development of Athenian democracy, marking a period of more direct citizen involvement in governance. However, it also led to increased political instability and factionalism within Athens.

The year is also notable for the ostracism of Cimon, a prominent Athenian general and statesman who opposed Ephialtes' reforms. Cimon's exile cleared the way for Ephialtes to implement his policies without significant opposition.

Tragically, Ephialtes was assassinated later in 461 BC, not long after achieving these pivotal changes. His assassination is attributed to political rivals, although the exact circumstances and motives remain debated by historians. His reforms, however, were continued and expanded upon by Pericles, who subsequently became a dominant figure in Athenian politics. The events of 461 BC are therefore crucial for understanding the trajectory of Athenian democracy and the subsequent Golden Age of Athens.